WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.127 It's not the most attractive thing, 2 00:00:01.147 --> 00:00:02.632 it's not a new nuclear reactor, 3 00:00:02.652 --> 00:00:04.458 it's not a new rocket system. 4 00:00:05.000 --> 00:00:05.582 It is bricks, 5 00:00:05.763 --> 00:00:07.147 it is basic stuff, 6 00:00:07.870 --> 00:00:09.214 but it's what's required. 7 00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:13.356 We think it's going to be really important in the future. 8 00:00:14.000 --> 00:00:15.859 Whoever masters this will open up the solar system. 9 00:00:24.407 --> 00:00:31.124 It's time to put another piece in this big space puzzle that we call Have We Gone to Mars? 10 00:00:32.126 --> 00:00:37.504 And it's an incredibly content-rich puzzle with different motifs and themes, 11 00:00:38.244 --> 00:00:43.464 but that hangs together and is framed by this interest for space that we all share. 12 00:00:43.585 --> 00:00:44.168 Yes, 13 00:00:44.630 --> 00:00:47.144 you could almost see it as a third puzzle. 14 00:01:19.558 --> 00:01:22.584 Today we are going to talk about 3D printing, 15 00:01:22.904 --> 00:01:23.385 AM, 16 00:01:23.866 --> 00:01:25.569 Additive Manufacturing, 17 00:01:26.030 --> 00:01:29.056 or additive manufacturing as we can also call it. 18 00:01:29.920 --> 00:01:31.576 And there are a few different techniques. 19 00:01:32.276 --> 00:01:35.883 We will soon talk about how we can use AM to build, 20 00:01:35.923 --> 00:01:36.684 among other things, 21 00:01:36.684 --> 00:01:42.796 rocket parts to a fraction of the cost and time it takes with the methods we have used before. 22 00:01:43.691 --> 00:01:44.596 But first, 23 00:01:44.596 --> 00:01:46.948 I think we should look a little further. 24 00:01:47.749 --> 00:01:48.791 Right? 25 00:01:48.812 --> 00:01:53.704 Because if we are to be able to colonize the moon and Mars in a reasonable way, 26 00:01:53.704 --> 00:01:55.348 we will have to build things on site. 27 00:01:56.511 --> 00:01:57.115 Tools, 28 00:01:57.115 --> 00:01:58.122 landing lanes, 29 00:01:58.343 --> 00:01:58.967 homesteads. 30 00:01:59.728 --> 00:02:05.268 It would be best if we could build robots on site that could build new robots on site. 31 00:02:05.308 --> 00:02:09.242 But since our Neumann machine is a bit ahead of its time, 32 00:02:09.443 --> 00:02:10.828 we have to work with what we have. 33 00:02:11.171 --> 00:02:12.766 And of course we do. 34 00:02:41.815 --> 00:02:42.016 Okay, 35 00:02:42.036 --> 00:02:44.764 so let's start with the 3D printing. 36 00:02:45.266 --> 00:02:47.252 What exactly is it you're experimenting on? 37 00:02:47.553 --> 00:02:47.753 Sure. 38 00:02:47.814 --> 00:02:53.054 So one of the big questions we face when we explore beyond low Earth orbit is logistics. 39 00:02:53.094 --> 00:02:54.259 How do you support yourself? 40 00:02:54.340 --> 00:02:55.324 How do you survive? 41 00:02:56.349 --> 00:02:59.082 How do you make your mission more feasible as you go further into space? 42 00:02:59.343 --> 00:03:00.328 Right now on the station, 43 00:03:00.610 --> 00:03:01.534 you get everything from Earth. 44 00:03:02.238 --> 00:03:03.424 But as you go further into space, 45 00:03:03.424 --> 00:03:05.716 it becomes harder and harder to maintain that logistical chain. 46 00:03:06.198 --> 00:03:09.939 3D printing is one of the cool ideas that's been around for the last few decades. 47 00:03:10.608 --> 00:03:14.844 maybe it might be a way for being able to produce tools and equipment in situ. 48 00:03:15.064 --> 00:03:16.704 So rather than getting it sent to you from Earth, 49 00:03:16.884 --> 00:03:24.804 you now can find resources around you that you could potentially 3D print with and to produce equipment that you might need for your mission when you get there. 50 00:03:24.924 --> 00:03:27.804 So you no longer need to phone home and ask for a spanner. 51 00:03:27.924 --> 00:03:29.560 You can maybe make a spanner yourself or, 52 00:03:29.782 --> 00:03:30.004 you know, 53 00:03:30.125 --> 00:03:34.624 make different bits and pieces using the equipment like 3D printers on board your spacecraft. 54 00:03:34.924 --> 00:03:37.377 We've done a lot of 3D printing on Earth before, 55 00:03:37.377 --> 00:03:38.704 so we know that we can do a lot. 56 00:03:38.848 --> 00:03:39.323 But what? 57 00:03:39.787 --> 00:03:41.620 can you do if you go to the moon? 58 00:03:41.921 --> 00:03:45.540 So one of the cool ideas we've been looking into here is can you 3D print with the lunar regolith? 59 00:03:46.160 --> 00:03:50.200 So this lunar regolith is kind of like soil you find everywhere across the surface of the moon. 60 00:03:50.360 --> 00:03:51.031 It's ubiquitous, 61 00:03:51.133 --> 00:03:51.580 it's everywhere. 62 00:03:52.161 --> 00:03:53.420 And we've always asked ourselves, 63 00:03:53.520 --> 00:03:54.1000 could you take this powder material, 64 00:03:55.600 --> 00:03:57.500 could you process it and then actually print with it? 65 00:03:57.722 --> 00:04:06.380 And that would be a really great way of reducing the amount of mass you would need to bring with you because you could just use the material you find in situ to enable your missions. 66 00:04:07.051 --> 00:04:07.173 So... 67 00:04:07.632 --> 00:04:08.595 This is what we've been looking into. 68 00:04:08.735 --> 00:04:10.702 We've been taking regular material, 69 00:04:10.862 --> 00:04:12.568 we've been printing it directly, 70 00:04:12.568 --> 00:04:15.982 we've also been mixing with other materials to see if we can make composites, 71 00:04:16.062 --> 00:04:17.387 stronger materials using this. 72 00:04:17.971 --> 00:04:19.964 And basically taking this material... 73 00:04:21.170 --> 00:04:26.187 processing it slightly and then 3D printing with it to produce parts to show that it's actually feasible as a technology. 74 00:04:26.307 --> 00:04:26.672 And it is. 75 00:04:26.732 --> 00:04:27.887 We've actually demonstrated it here. 76 00:04:28.588 --> 00:04:29.735 So it's not just science fiction. 77 00:04:29.775 --> 00:04:31.887 It's actually something we can actually genuinely do. 78 00:04:32.726 --> 00:04:34.510 And the regolith itself, 79 00:04:34.771 --> 00:04:39.503 do you use real regolith from the Moon or do you manufacture it here in some way? 80 00:04:39.623 --> 00:04:45.382 So sadly we don't have access to the real regolith from the Moon because only about 400 kilos of that was brought back during the Apollo missions. 81 00:04:46.045 --> 00:04:47.872 So we have to use what's called regolith simulant. 82 00:04:48.334 --> 00:04:50.583 So we know that the Moon and the Earth share geological history. 83 00:04:51.225 --> 00:04:56.162 And that means that there's a similarity between parts of the Moon and parts of locations here on Earth. 84 00:04:56.583 --> 00:05:00.274 So we go to locations here on Earth that have a kind of volcanic character. 85 00:05:00.679 --> 00:05:02.587 We can extract a particular material there, 86 00:05:02.587 --> 00:05:05.438 we can process it and turn it into what we call a simulant, 87 00:05:06.101 --> 00:05:06.924 which is very close, 88 00:05:07.005 --> 00:05:09.033 analogue to the real stuff that you find on the Moon. 89 00:05:09.575 --> 00:05:16.512 And this is what we use for our testing because we have to go through hundreds and hundreds of kilos or even tons of material to do these kind of experiments. 90 00:05:17.115 --> 00:05:22.073 You'd never get the real stuff from NASA for that because that's kept under special protections. 91 00:05:22.555 --> 00:05:24.974 And how is it different from the real stuff? 92 00:05:25.428 --> 00:05:29.769 It's geologically different of course because while the Moon and the Earth share a bit of a history, 93 00:05:30.634 --> 00:05:31.639 here on Earth everything, 94 00:05:31.880 --> 00:05:34.111 nearly everything's been touched by the hydrological cycle. 95 00:05:34.734 --> 00:05:37.689 So that basically means like water has nearly got onto everything, 96 00:05:37.850 --> 00:05:38.916 air has got into everything, 97 00:05:38.997 --> 00:05:42.993 even the center of our planet is wet by some metrics. 98 00:05:43.434 --> 00:05:45.501 So everything is altered slightly. 99 00:05:45.882 --> 00:05:48.192 So you will find certain chemicals, 100 00:05:48.232 --> 00:05:54.232 certain compounds in the similar material that are very unlikely to be existing on the on the real regolith on the surface of the Moon. 101 00:05:54.789 --> 00:05:55.010 Also, 102 00:05:55.090 --> 00:05:57.582 the shape of the particles is different. 103 00:05:57.743 --> 00:05:58.265 So on the Moon, 104 00:05:59.008 --> 00:05:59.650 there's no wind, 105 00:05:59.791 --> 00:06:01.979 there's no water flowing, 106 00:06:02.280 --> 00:06:03.737 so that means that it's never been eroded. 107 00:06:04.043 --> 00:06:05.469 So whenever the particles are produced there, 108 00:06:05.650 --> 00:06:07.839 they tend to be very sharp and jagged, 109 00:06:08.341 --> 00:06:09.974 very like glass almost. 110 00:06:10.783 --> 00:06:11.166 But here on Earth, 111 00:06:11.206 --> 00:06:12.515 everything gets hit by the wind, 112 00:06:12.535 --> 00:06:13.642 a little bit eroded by water, 113 00:06:13.662 --> 00:06:15.157 so the particles tend to be different shapes. 114 00:06:15.683 --> 00:06:18.342 This affects a little bit the mechanical behavior of the particles. 115 00:06:18.423 --> 00:06:20.878 So we have to accept that they are similant. 116 00:06:21.341 --> 00:06:23.755 is never going to be as good as the real stuff, 117 00:06:23.935 --> 00:06:31.075 but it's good enough to give us confidence that what we do here on Earth should transfer quite well to what we would do on the Moon. 118 00:06:31.355 --> 00:06:34.575 And also when you get to make the 3D printing on the Moon, 119 00:06:34.695 --> 00:06:37.355 the gravity will not be the same as here. 120 00:06:37.415 --> 00:06:39.895 So how do you simulate that when you try it here? 121 00:06:40.156 --> 00:06:42.255 So we found from a few experiments, 122 00:06:42.356 --> 00:06:44.655 things like 3D printing in 1 sixth gravity, 123 00:06:44.815 --> 00:06:45.875 which is what you'd find on the Moon, 124 00:06:46.255 --> 00:06:49.875 doesn't really make a huge impact on the performance of the materials. 125 00:06:50.744 --> 00:06:54.938 The way we tested it here is we actually had a 3D printer and we flew it on board a parabolic flight. 126 00:06:55.682 --> 00:06:58.279 So we had it experiencing microgravity and hypergravity. 127 00:06:59.102 --> 00:07:00.528 And you can see some variations, 128 00:07:00.568 --> 00:07:00.769 yes, 129 00:07:00.829 --> 00:07:03.279 but not enough to stop the system from actually working. 130 00:07:04.303 --> 00:07:08.259 So our feeling is that it should be quite feasible to 3D print in 1-6th gravity. 131 00:07:08.400 --> 00:07:12.279 There'll be a few mechanical tricks you have to do to make sure everything's perfect, 132 00:07:13.023 --> 00:07:16.279 but overall you shouldn't really encounter too many issues transferring. 133 00:07:17.525 --> 00:07:18.591 Earth technology to the moon, 134 00:07:18.953 --> 00:07:20.261 gravity shouldn't be a big issue, 135 00:07:20.361 --> 00:07:20.663 we hope. 136 00:07:21.264 --> 00:07:22.552 One of the other big challenges on the moon, 137 00:07:22.552 --> 00:07:22.994 of course, 138 00:07:23.095 --> 00:07:24.363 is where do you get your energy from? 139 00:07:25.064 --> 00:07:29.463 So we're always looking into new ideas for how you can support yourself energy-wise. 140 00:07:30.405 --> 00:07:32.583 We're looking into technologies like fuel cell technology. 141 00:07:33.324 --> 00:07:37.662 So you can use fuel cells in the moon to help support your night missions, 142 00:07:37.682 --> 00:07:38.023 for example, 143 00:07:38.143 --> 00:07:41.118 where you pass for longer periods than just two weeks, 144 00:07:41.158 --> 00:07:42.163 you end up in lunar night. 145 00:07:42.845 --> 00:07:43.962 You need to be able to survive that. 146 00:07:44.527 --> 00:07:45.563 And this is one of the big challenges. 147 00:07:46.089 --> 00:07:47.021 We're also looking into... 148 00:07:47.367 --> 00:07:52.223 technologies like using Regulit as a thermal energy storage medium. 149 00:07:52.803 --> 00:07:57.623 So one idea is you can pile up big heaps of Regulit and use it as a kind of thermal reservoir. 150 00:07:58.204 --> 00:07:59.783 And then when the sun goes down, 151 00:07:59.843 --> 00:08:06.183 you can tap that reservoir to get electricity out of it so you can keep yourself sustained during the dark night period. 152 00:08:06.783 --> 00:08:09.523 So these are all fairly low-tier ideas, 153 00:08:10.507 --> 00:08:11.943 low-technology development ideas, 154 00:08:12.524 --> 00:08:15.217 and we're very interested to see how we can develop them further so we can... 155 00:08:15.509 --> 00:08:19.147 augment our ability to survive harsher conditions on the moon. 156 00:08:19.667 --> 00:08:22.380 And do you only do research here for 157 00:08:22.882 --> 00:08:23.867 3D printing on the moon? 158 00:08:24.268 --> 00:08:28.227 Or do you also look at Mars and other places in the galaxy? 159 00:08:29.068 --> 00:08:32.767 So this is a really nice thing about a lot of the processes and techniques that we're looking into here, 160 00:08:32.827 --> 00:08:35.338 is that they apply nicely on the moon, 161 00:08:35.378 --> 00:08:37.407 but they also apply just as well on Mars. 162 00:08:37.827 --> 00:08:42.847 So we always have a kind of idea of using the moon as a testing ground for 3D printing things in the future. 163 00:08:43.530 --> 00:08:44.907 It would be useful to test things there. 164 00:08:45.363 --> 00:08:45.825 But of course, 165 00:08:45.905 --> 00:08:48.797 a lot of this technology will transfer very nicely over to Mars. 166 00:08:49.319 --> 00:08:49.761 So for example, 167 00:08:49.761 --> 00:08:52.937 you will find sand and regolith on Mars as well. 168 00:08:53.319 --> 00:08:57.536 So there's no reason why you couldn't use the same processes that we're using on the Moon there on Mars. 169 00:08:58.319 --> 00:09:01.138 You also have additionally new processes on Mars. 170 00:09:01.319 --> 00:09:01.541 For example, 171 00:09:01.541 --> 00:09:02.693 there could be the presence of water. 172 00:09:03.319 --> 00:09:04.033 This is very nice. 173 00:09:04.319 --> 00:09:08.691 This could open up new opportunities for using water as a binder material to make better bricks, 174 00:09:08.691 --> 00:09:09.253 for example, 175 00:09:09.694 --> 00:09:10.617 like we do here on Earth. 176 00:09:11.995 --> 00:09:20.751 It's nice and there is a very nice clear path from what we do on the Moon to what could be done on Mars and most of our technologies are applicable to both locations. 177 00:09:22.361 --> 00:09:25.576 When will we see the first 3D printer on the moon? 178 00:09:25.918 --> 00:09:27.416 I'm hoping sooner rather than later. 179 00:09:27.616 --> 00:09:35.936 So I'm really pushing to see if we can come up with a payload concept that we can fly either on an ESA mission or perhaps maybe on a commercial mission in the near future, 180 00:09:36.778 --> 00:09:39.096 which would demonstrate that it's possible to take Regolith in, 181 00:09:40.057 --> 00:09:40.923 produce something with it, 182 00:09:40.943 --> 00:09:42.836 and then produce a product at the end of it. 183 00:09:42.916 --> 00:09:44.356 And that could be a 3D printing process. 184 00:09:44.476 --> 00:09:45.296 It could be something else. 185 00:09:46.238 --> 00:09:48.214 But this would be really exciting for us because, 186 00:09:48.234 --> 00:09:48.436 again, 187 00:09:48.876 --> 00:09:52.732 We feel there's a great value in showing people a demonstration of this capability. 188 00:09:53.215 --> 00:09:55.832 So the first demonstration would be relatively simple we feel, 189 00:09:56.536 --> 00:10:04.772 but we would hope it would give mission planners confidence that this works and then they could start using it more in their future mission concepts and develop it further. 190 00:10:04.872 --> 00:10:12.496 So I'm hoping in the next 10 years you might see a payload on the Moon that would actually produce something like a brick or a small part that was 191 00:10:13.080 --> 00:10:14.832 3D printed or some other similar process. 192 00:10:17.845 --> 00:10:20.596 So what kind of things can you 193 00:10:20.998 --> 00:10:21.379 3D print? 194 00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:21.741 Right, 195 00:10:21.781 --> 00:10:24.917 so we're looking into everything from really small parts to really, 196 00:10:24.937 --> 00:10:25.600 really big parts. 197 00:10:25.780 --> 00:10:28.728 So for really small parts we're thinking things like filters, 198 00:10:29.410 --> 00:10:30.332 small screws, 199 00:10:30.532 --> 00:10:31.274 containers, 200 00:10:32.758 --> 00:10:33.259 boxes, 201 00:10:33.259 --> 00:10:33.600 this kind of stuff. 202 00:10:33.801 --> 00:10:39.179 Things that are important for missions and sometimes can be a little bit hard to get. 203 00:10:39.842 --> 00:10:41.600 But we're also scaling it up to large scale things. 204 00:10:41.922 --> 00:10:43.795 So could you produce a giant brick on the moon? 205 00:10:44.897 --> 00:10:52.588 This brick could be used for radiation shielding or it could be used as part of a landing pad or part of a habitation infrastructure. 206 00:10:53.612 --> 00:10:57.650 So it's really a question of scaling from small things to really large things. 207 00:10:58.132 --> 00:11:01.858 For small things we find things like 3D printers are really good because we have a lot of experience with them. 208 00:11:02.572 --> 00:11:11.492 For big things we're looking into things like molding and other technologies like microwave processing or direct solar light where we focus sunlight and build things that way. 209 00:11:12.274 --> 00:11:13.664 These are the kind of ideas we're exploring there. 210 00:11:13.784 --> 00:11:18.264 And all these things we look into holistically here at the agency. 211 00:11:18.704 --> 00:11:20.171 Except for 3D printing, 212 00:11:20.171 --> 00:11:23.224 you also mentioned other stuff you're experimenting on here. 213 00:11:23.304 --> 00:11:24.584 So can you give us some more examples? 214 00:11:24.886 --> 00:11:25.032 Yeah, 215 00:11:25.032 --> 00:11:25.282 absolutely. 216 00:11:25.524 --> 00:11:26.894 So 3D printing is one approach, 217 00:11:26.914 --> 00:11:27.317 of course, 218 00:11:27.357 --> 00:11:28.364 and it's a very interesting one. 219 00:11:28.604 --> 00:11:30.604 But we're also looking into more conventional approaches. 220 00:11:30.685 --> 00:11:32.396 We're looking into technology like sintering, 221 00:11:33.000 --> 00:11:33.544 like pressing, 222 00:11:34.206 --> 00:11:36.324 and also very novel ideas like microwaving. 223 00:11:36.424 --> 00:11:38.224 So what happens if you put regulars inside a microwave? 224 00:11:39.008 --> 00:11:40.104 It's a very interesting experiment. 225 00:11:40.660 --> 00:11:41.623 Don't try it at home, 226 00:11:41.663 --> 00:11:45.576 but it does work and you can actually melt regular very efficiently using technologies like microwave. 227 00:11:46.118 --> 00:11:52.576 So we're trying to develop expertise across all these different processes to see which one makes the most sense for different use cases whenever we go to the moon. 228 00:11:53.258 --> 00:11:55.044 So if you want to make a giant brick, 229 00:11:55.104 --> 00:11:56.951 for example, 230 00:11:56.951 --> 00:11:58.576 3D printing may not be the best process. 231 00:11:59.219 --> 00:12:03.576 But using a conventional sintering technique or a pressing technique might be a better way to do it. 232 00:12:04.081 --> 00:12:05.576 And this is the kind of trade off that we have to do. 233 00:12:07.118 --> 00:12:10.152 and this is the kind of technology development we have to do to make better trade-offs in the future. 234 00:12:10.312 --> 00:12:10.433 So, 235 00:12:10.634 --> 00:12:10.875 you know, 236 00:12:11.156 --> 00:12:18.981 we need to give people the capability in the future that they can look around them whenever they get to somewhere like the moon or Mars or even further and see what resources are there and say, 237 00:12:19.082 --> 00:12:19.283 okay, 238 00:12:19.403 --> 00:12:21.172 now I need to build an infrastructure. 239 00:12:21.332 --> 00:12:22.081 I need to build a house. 240 00:12:22.081 --> 00:12:23.052 I need to build a landing pad. 241 00:12:24.113 --> 00:12:27.292 I need to take this resource and mix it with this technology and produce this result. 242 00:12:27.574 --> 00:12:28.922 We need to give them that capability. 243 00:12:29.425 --> 00:12:29.727 Right now, 244 00:12:29.747 --> 00:12:30.512 it's not quite there. 245 00:12:31.213 --> 00:12:35.492 So these are all projects that we're doing to develop and make it available for the future missions. 246 00:12:36.327 --> 00:12:38.600 Who is it that comes to you at the most time and says, 247 00:12:38.700 --> 00:12:38.842 okay, 248 00:12:39.266 --> 00:12:40.420 we would like to try this? 249 00:12:40.560 --> 00:12:42.320 Is it the astronauts who give you ideas, 250 00:12:42.440 --> 00:12:44.500 or is it scientists or the industry? 251 00:12:44.921 --> 00:12:46.500 Who's behind all the wishes? 252 00:12:47.283 --> 00:12:48.240 A lot of it's all three. 253 00:12:48.400 --> 00:12:48.501 So, 254 00:12:48.501 --> 00:12:49.046 for example, 255 00:12:50.116 --> 00:12:50.600 the astronauts. 256 00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:51.021 I mean, 257 00:12:51.807 --> 00:12:54.300 we don't want our astronauts getting irradiated on the surface of the moon. 258 00:12:54.420 --> 00:12:55.350 So one of the big challenges, 259 00:12:55.390 --> 00:12:58.220 how can we protect them for long periods of time on the moon's surface? 260 00:12:59.640 --> 00:13:00.960 Shielding is an obvious solution. 261 00:13:01.482 --> 00:13:01.764 Okay, 262 00:13:01.805 --> 00:13:04.660 do you bring hundreds of tons of lead with you to protect your astronauts? 263 00:13:05.374 --> 00:13:06.404 it's not really very feasible. 264 00:13:06.985 --> 00:13:13.204 Our idea is like we'll use the regolith that's there to produce radiation shielding so the guys can stay there for longer periods. 265 00:13:13.304 --> 00:13:18.064 That's us addressing a human spaceflight challenge using materials that you would find locally. 266 00:13:18.525 --> 00:13:20.284 We get ideas from commercial entities too. 267 00:13:20.404 --> 00:13:20.872 People have said, 268 00:13:21.115 --> 00:13:21.643 would this work? 269 00:13:21.864 --> 00:13:22.026 You know, 270 00:13:22.026 --> 00:13:23.764 they come to us and they ask for our expertise. 271 00:13:24.324 --> 00:13:25.664 And then we work with them and we say, 272 00:13:25.764 --> 00:13:26.008 actually, 273 00:13:26.048 --> 00:13:26.251 yes, 274 00:13:26.413 --> 00:13:29.544 your pressing technique that you've developed for pressing aluminum, 275 00:13:29.684 --> 00:13:30.168 for example, 276 00:13:30.834 --> 00:13:34.064 actually transfers very well to potentially a spaceflight operation. 277 00:13:34.498 --> 00:13:35.688 and then also research groups. 278 00:13:36.669 --> 00:13:39.488 Students and researchers are always fascinated by space. 279 00:13:40.088 --> 00:13:41.568 They're a constant well of innovation. 280 00:13:41.988 --> 00:13:43.627 So we get loads of ideas coming to us, 281 00:13:44.391 --> 00:13:44.837 asking us, 282 00:13:45.121 --> 00:13:45.607 would this work, 283 00:13:45.828 --> 00:13:48.968 or can we work together on this and see if it actually can be progressed? 284 00:13:49.548 --> 00:13:58.308 And we're very open to that because we want to make sure that we give them the expertise of the agency so that they understand the challenges properly and can actually see a useful use case, 285 00:13:58.368 --> 00:14:00.188 not just making rubbish for no need. 286 00:14:00.790 --> 00:14:02.068 So then the three dips. 287 00:14:02.144 --> 00:14:02.673 3D printers. 288 00:14:03.156 --> 00:14:04.020 How big are they? 289 00:14:04.081 --> 00:14:05.408 How big things can you make? 290 00:14:06.128 --> 00:14:06.833 So at the moment, 291 00:14:06.833 --> 00:14:11.258 we're mostly working with small things because we're still working out the feasibility of ideas, 292 00:14:11.318 --> 00:14:12.604 testing them at small scale. 293 00:14:12.624 --> 00:14:14.837 And this is how we as scientists and engineers progress. 294 00:14:14.857 --> 00:14:16.588 We start things small and then we scale things up. 295 00:14:17.068 --> 00:14:17.691 But in principle, 296 00:14:17.771 --> 00:14:21.247 most of the work that we're doing could be scaled to very large sizes. 297 00:14:21.287 --> 00:14:23.274 So there really is no limit. 298 00:14:23.756 --> 00:14:24.860 We've already seen here on Earth, 299 00:14:24.961 --> 00:14:25.442 terrestrially, 300 00:14:25.844 --> 00:14:27.008 very large 3D printers. 301 00:14:27.609 --> 00:14:31.348 You've seen things like robotic arms that can essentially extrude or 3D print that way. 302 00:14:31.782 --> 00:14:36.600 We've seen mobile gantries that can move around at large scale and print materials that way. 303 00:14:37.200 --> 00:14:38.224 So in principle, 304 00:14:38.245 --> 00:14:41.760 there should be no real limitation on the scaling size. 305 00:14:42.343 --> 00:14:44.560 The bigger question is how much mass can you get to the moon? 306 00:14:44.820 --> 00:14:47.060 You have to bring your printer with you or your system with you. 307 00:14:47.861 --> 00:14:51.620 This is a question that future missions will have to address. 308 00:14:51.800 --> 00:14:54.220 But from a technological feasibility perspective, 309 00:14:54.621 --> 00:15:00.380 we are very confident that it is possible to 3D print on the moon and from very small scales to very large scales. 310 00:15:00.728 --> 00:15:01.219 But we're not. 311 00:15:01.654 --> 00:15:03.708 where we can 3D print a 3D printer on the moon? 312 00:15:04.191 --> 00:15:04.567 Sadly not. 313 00:15:04.628 --> 00:15:06.108 There's always a few bits you're always missing. 314 00:15:06.508 --> 00:15:06.770 I mean, 315 00:15:06.770 --> 00:15:08.219 we love using commercial 316 00:15:08.683 --> 00:15:09.488 3D printers here on Earth. 317 00:15:10.069 --> 00:15:11.303 We use these Prusa models, 318 00:15:11.303 --> 00:15:11.748 for example, 319 00:15:12.189 --> 00:15:16.048 that are very common in the kind of community of 3D printers. 320 00:15:16.669 --> 00:15:20.608 And the great thing about these models is a lot of them you can actually 3D print the parts for the next 3D printer, 321 00:15:20.688 --> 00:15:22.628 so they can almost become self-sustaining, 322 00:15:22.848 --> 00:15:24.028 but never 100%. 323 00:15:24.129 --> 00:15:25.828 There's always little parts you have to bring with you. 324 00:15:25.908 --> 00:15:26.331 For example, 325 00:15:26.331 --> 00:15:27.318 the electronics board, 326 00:15:28.104 --> 00:15:28.608 the motors, 327 00:15:29.391 --> 00:15:30.348 some control aspects. 328 00:15:30.772 --> 00:15:35.086 These things were not at the stage of being able to replicate with an existing 3D printer. 329 00:15:35.588 --> 00:15:35.870 So yes, 330 00:15:36.071 --> 00:15:36.997 even if you went to the moon, 331 00:15:37.560 --> 00:15:38.767 maybe some parts of it you could... 332 00:15:39.238 --> 00:15:39.500 print, 333 00:15:40.002 --> 00:15:41.732 but other parts you'd have to bring with you still. 334 00:15:42.193 --> 00:15:43.491 We're not quite there yet. 335 00:15:43.812 --> 00:15:46.892 But we can soon print half of a von Neumann robot. 336 00:15:47.112 --> 00:15:47.496 Exactly. 337 00:15:47.496 --> 00:15:47.738 I mean, 338 00:15:47.738 --> 00:15:49.232 if you're looking at the von Neumann architecture, 339 00:15:49.412 --> 00:15:50.441 then we're getting closer, 340 00:15:50.481 --> 00:15:51.752 but we're still not quite there yet. 341 00:15:53.275 --> 00:15:55.152 I'd say half is not an unreasonable number, 342 00:15:56.134 --> 00:15:58.646 but still needs more work to reach 100%, 343 00:15:58.646 --> 00:15:59.188 you know, 344 00:15:59.309 --> 00:15:59.932 a lot more work. 345 00:16:00.733 --> 00:16:00.975 Yes, 346 00:16:01.115 --> 00:16:04.032 but could you print electronics in some way? 347 00:16:04.707 --> 00:16:05.851 So it's a really nice question. 348 00:16:06.493 --> 00:16:08.258 It's difficult to do it of course, 349 00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:09.923 but we are looking into it. 350 00:16:10.404 --> 00:16:13.377 So even here in this lab actually one of my colleagues here, 351 00:16:13.458 --> 00:16:13.719 Audrey, 352 00:16:14.101 --> 00:16:15.205 who's sitting across from me, 353 00:16:15.847 --> 00:16:23.732 she's working on the question of can you actually print or deposit photovoltaic material onto regolith? 354 00:16:23.792 --> 00:16:28.730 So can you actually produce a solar cell using regolith as perhaps a substrate? 355 00:16:29.132 --> 00:16:31.541 That's something we're actively asking this question, 356 00:16:31.842 --> 00:16:32.304 can it be done? 357 00:16:32.776 --> 00:16:34.106 that's an electronics component, 358 00:16:34.106 --> 00:16:34.328 you know. 359 00:16:35.352 --> 00:16:36.688 More elaborate version of that would be, 360 00:16:36.748 --> 00:16:39.678 could you get the material you need for a solar cell from the regolith, 361 00:16:39.941 --> 00:16:40.448 process it, 362 00:16:40.789 --> 00:16:42.788 and then produce your solar cell in situ? 363 00:16:43.269 --> 00:16:48.648 In which case then you could start to scale up your energy infrastructure just by using local resources. 364 00:16:49.489 --> 00:16:50.488 Very interesting questions. 365 00:16:51.188 --> 00:16:52.166 Challenging work to do. 366 00:16:52.870 --> 00:16:54.668 So I won't give you a yes or no answer just yet, 367 00:16:55.049 --> 00:17:00.448 but we hope that this can be demonstrated and we're actually working on some of this right now here in this workshop. 368 00:17:01.319 --> 00:17:02.945 And if that would work, 369 00:17:03.025 --> 00:17:05.976 that would change everything for building stuff on the moon. 370 00:17:06.257 --> 00:17:06.458 Right. 371 00:17:06.478 --> 00:17:06.679 I mean, 372 00:17:06.699 --> 00:17:07.785 it's part of a longer vision, 373 00:17:07.865 --> 00:17:10.176 which is that the question we ask ourselves is, 374 00:17:10.376 --> 00:17:11.422 if you go to these places, 375 00:17:11.502 --> 00:17:13.996 you need to be able to kickstart your industrial capability. 376 00:17:14.436 --> 00:17:18.236 You need to find what resources are there and use them to make this happen. 377 00:17:18.516 --> 00:17:20.976 And this is how our ancestors did exploration. 378 00:17:21.136 --> 00:17:22.796 They arrived in a new location and look around. 379 00:17:22.976 --> 00:17:26.156 They'd find what resources they could and they built up their infrastructure and capability. 380 00:17:26.778 --> 00:17:29.096 We need to get into that kind of paradigm going forward. 381 00:17:29.137 --> 00:17:30.236 So that whenever we go to Mars. 382 00:17:30.908 --> 00:17:33.419 The first few missions will obviously have logistic support from Earth, 383 00:17:33.499 --> 00:17:36.943 but then eventually we would like to maybe make it self-sustaining. 384 00:17:37.084 --> 00:17:46.302 So you can maybe start extracting the iron from the Martian soil and maybe start producing parts from that and move your way towards more complicated elements like electronics. 385 00:17:46.764 --> 00:17:49.050 Then you've created a self-sustaining capability, 386 00:17:49.591 --> 00:17:52.599 which is the kind of holy grail of exploration. 387 00:17:57.806 --> 00:18:00.500 Really a holy grail. 388 00:18:01.140 --> 00:18:06.260 Imagine a future where we send robots that build up a whole city for us on Mars, 389 00:18:06.440 --> 00:18:07.368 and then it's there, 390 00:18:07.429 --> 00:18:08.559 ready when we get there. 391 00:18:08.960 --> 00:18:10.646 Yes, 392 00:18:10.706 --> 00:18:12.854 and there are already some robots on Mars, 393 00:18:13.114 --> 00:18:14.620 and they're cool in their own way. 394 00:18:15.183 --> 00:18:17.600 But unfortunately they don't build anything. 395 00:18:18.400 --> 00:18:20.347 But they do a lot of other exciting things, 396 00:18:20.708 --> 00:18:23.959 so we'll come back to that in a future episode and talk more about it. 397 00:18:24.562 --> 00:18:28.300 And if you want to know more about what Aiden and his team are doing at ESA, 398 00:18:28.682 --> 00:18:30.559 go to havioktimarschen.se. 399 00:18:31.002 --> 00:18:33.420 There you'll find a film where we talk more with him, 400 00:18:33.983 --> 00:18:35.140 and he shows up a little from the lab. 401 00:18:36.304 --> 00:18:36.485 Yes, 402 00:18:36.827 --> 00:18:39.180 but wait until you've listened to this episode. 403 00:18:39.180 --> 00:18:43.720 Because now we're going to talk about 3D printing on Earth for the universe. 404 00:18:44.509 --> 00:18:44.839 Exactly. 405 00:18:46.061 --> 00:18:49.080 Edvin Rezebo is the CEO of Amexi, 406 00:18:49.660 --> 00:18:53.780 a company specialized in additive manufacturing in metal. 407 00:18:54.895 --> 00:18:57.068 And we're making a series about space. 408 00:18:57.788 --> 00:18:57.908 So, 409 00:18:58.230 --> 00:18:58.571 Edvin, 410 00:18:59.434 --> 00:19:02.808 what are you doing at Amexi that has brought us here? 411 00:19:03.844 --> 00:19:08.290 We work together with a company called Python Space, 412 00:19:08.330 --> 00:19:19.344 which works to pioneer the Swedish space side when it comes to making its own rocket and being able to send it to Sweden. 413 00:19:20.446 --> 00:19:24.358 We cooperate with them on 3D printing, 414 00:19:24.358 --> 00:19:25.221 among other things, 415 00:19:25.221 --> 00:19:26.144 the rocket engines. 416 00:19:26.585 --> 00:19:27.026 So it's 417 00:19:27.648 --> 00:19:30.115 3D printing you're working on here. 418 00:19:30.135 --> 00:19:31.198 Tell us a little more about that. 419 00:19:31.218 --> 00:19:33.424 What is it that you do at Wamexi? 420 00:19:34.531 --> 00:19:41.568 We are specialized in manufacturing details with the help of 3D printing in metal. 421 00:19:42.989 --> 00:19:45.274 We work with both product design, 422 00:19:45.454 --> 00:19:51.828 the production process and everything that needs to happen with a product after it is 3D printed. 423 00:19:52.528 --> 00:19:53.695 Heat treatment, 424 00:19:53.695 --> 00:19:54.862 cutting processing, 425 00:19:54.922 --> 00:19:55.908 material analysis. 426 00:19:55.908 --> 00:20:00.828 There are so many things that need to come together to actually produce a good product. 427 00:20:01.890 --> 00:20:04.684 can be used in its intended purpose. 428 00:20:04.864 --> 00:20:07.154 If it is so that it goes out on the roads, 429 00:20:07.154 --> 00:20:08.358 or it goes up into space, 430 00:20:08.358 --> 00:20:09.503 it goes down into the water. 431 00:20:10.267 --> 00:20:11.252 So, 432 00:20:11.432 --> 00:20:13.744 that's what we have specialized in. 433 00:20:13.804 --> 00:20:18.202 What kind of metals do you use when you work with 3D printing? 434 00:20:18.905 --> 00:20:19.026 So, 435 00:20:19.147 --> 00:20:21.684 the metal we use the most is aluminum. 436 00:20:22.787 --> 00:20:24.692 And after aluminum, 437 00:20:24.712 --> 00:20:28.263 it's probably titanium and then stainless steel. 438 00:20:28.976 --> 00:20:32.076 ...and different types of nickel base bearings since number four. 439 00:20:32.697 --> 00:20:33.983 When did 440 00:20:34.847 --> 00:20:36.836 3D printing products start in this way? 441 00:20:37.276 --> 00:20:38.758 And what is it that you... 442 00:20:38.900 --> 00:20:39.575 Air Sitter 443 00:20:40.455 --> 00:20:44.324 When we started to reverse the band to this technique, 444 00:20:44.344 --> 00:20:47.071 it started to become industrially relevant. 445 00:20:48.394 --> 00:20:50.018 In the mid-90s, 446 00:20:50.038 --> 00:20:56.432 a process was introduced with carbon-acid lasers and metal powder. 447 00:20:56.452 --> 00:21:05.091 This was used to make the small metal powders clump together and create a porous structure. 448 00:21:06.618 --> 00:21:09.191 This was then infiltrated with bronze to get it to be more transparent. 449 00:21:09.713 --> 00:21:15.960 and to make the density good enough to be able to use it for tools and fixtures and such things. 450 00:21:17.258 --> 00:21:17.578 But in 451 00:21:17.979 --> 00:21:21.785 1996, this process was patented, 452 00:21:21.785 --> 00:21:29.076 where they combined fiber laser that had come out and just this melting metal powder layer by layer. 453 00:21:29.236 --> 00:21:33.664 And then you could start getting a solid metal out of the process, 454 00:21:33.784 --> 00:21:40.136 which meant that the mechanical properties were good enough to actually use this in real products. 455 00:21:41.725 --> 00:21:46.517 Some of the people who were involved in this project and why it could give great opportunities were, 456 00:21:46.557 --> 00:21:47.238 among other things, 457 00:21:47.238 --> 00:21:47.860 Flyg och Rymd, 458 00:21:47.940 --> 00:21:50.823 who saw that even complex, 459 00:21:50.943 --> 00:22:03.235 expensive and difficult to process materials could be designed quite organically and easily in CAD and then 3D printed. 460 00:22:04.502 --> 00:22:07.767 And that was the start of the journey. 461 00:22:07.828 --> 00:22:10.672 We're talking early 2000, 462 00:22:10.692 --> 00:22:11.434 around 463 00:22:11.854 --> 00:22:15.120 2000 and onwards. 464 00:22:16.322 --> 00:22:17.425 And then it was, 465 00:22:17.445 --> 00:22:19.048 or has been for many, 466 00:22:19.128 --> 00:22:21.233 many years for those who were earlier in this, 467 00:22:21.353 --> 00:22:22.435 that actually, 468 00:22:22.435 --> 00:22:22.556 well... 469 00:22:22.896 --> 00:22:24.846 I understand how to reach the right quality, 470 00:22:25.368 --> 00:22:31.507 how the machines should be able to be so productive so that there is some form of economic, 471 00:22:32.450 --> 00:22:33.012 what should I say, 472 00:22:33.152 --> 00:22:34.536 reason to produce. 473 00:22:35.276 --> 00:22:36.460 So that has been the, 474 00:22:36.520 --> 00:22:37.262 let's say, 475 00:22:37.423 --> 00:22:41.896 lead motive for the industry to get the quality, 476 00:22:41.936 --> 00:22:47.516 get the cost down and get a repeatability that is something to have. 477 00:22:48.159 --> 00:22:48.722 And again, 478 00:22:48.762 --> 00:22:50.390 a little more, 479 00:22:50.490 --> 00:22:51.475 what is it that you... 480 00:22:51.927 --> 00:22:57.119 ...except what you can do here that will be better when 3D printed than... 481 00:22:57.595 --> 00:22:59.448 than to give space or how you did it before? 482 00:23:00.090 --> 00:23:02.308 We usually worry a lot about this, 483 00:23:02.428 --> 00:23:04.368 that you get a greater design freedom. 484 00:23:05.248 --> 00:23:10.388 You can design more for weight optimization, 485 00:23:10.688 --> 00:23:12.288 you can design more for performance, 486 00:23:12.508 --> 00:23:22.344 if you have different flows that should go next to each other or if you want two flows to go together and homogenize themselves in a good way or that you actually... 487 00:23:23.118 --> 00:23:26.686 If you want to reduce the cost of your material production, 488 00:23:26.807 --> 00:23:31.056 this technology opens up for a different perspective. 489 00:23:31.336 --> 00:23:34.261 If we look back in time, 490 00:23:34.261 --> 00:23:42.876 it has been about starting from a very bulky subject and then how to remove the material we don't need. 491 00:23:43.537 --> 00:23:48.149 This technology gives us the opportunity to think about the function we are after, 492 00:23:48.169 --> 00:23:51.036 what we want our product to achieve. 493 00:23:51.622 --> 00:23:53.032 and use that as a baseline. 494 00:23:53.712 --> 00:24:02.572 And that's really a reversed thinking from the traditional thinking and what was learned earlier. 495 00:24:04.297 --> 00:24:05.852 And that's something we've seen. 496 00:24:06.112 --> 00:24:07.832 What makes this better? 497 00:24:08.012 --> 00:24:12.452 It's when we actually take advantage of the strengths that the technique has from the beginning. 498 00:24:12.533 --> 00:24:13.805 Not to try to replace... 499 00:24:15.131 --> 00:24:21.250 A sound product 1 to 1 or replace a milled product or a rolled product 1 to 1. 500 00:24:21.350 --> 00:24:25.570 You have to find these use cases where the technique is really strong. 501 00:24:25.870 --> 00:24:26.969 And there it is very strong. 502 00:24:27.630 --> 00:24:33.070 And if we compare it with outstretched thin plate components and such, 503 00:24:33.330 --> 00:24:39.730 then this technique has no great advantage to come with if we start talking about volume and series. 504 00:24:40.313 --> 00:24:41.980 But where you have something to come with, 505 00:24:41.980 --> 00:24:42.362 as you say, 506 00:24:42.362 --> 00:24:43.929 is flight, 507 00:24:43.989 --> 00:24:44.210 space. 508 00:24:45.679 --> 00:24:47.826 Where you should have a certain type of component. 509 00:24:47.886 --> 00:24:48.648 What can it be? 510 00:24:48.769 --> 00:24:50.474 What are you producing? 511 00:24:52.055 --> 00:24:55.050 As mentioned earlier, 512 00:24:55.070 --> 00:24:55.854 rocket engines. 513 00:24:57.075 --> 00:25:01.794 We mean the nozzle part of the rocket engine. 514 00:25:01.834 --> 00:25:07.454 Where you have many thin channels that go along with the entire mantle on the component. 515 00:25:08.375 --> 00:25:13.213 Where you want to shoot in the fuel and get it controlled and controlled in a good way. 516 00:25:14.672 --> 00:25:16.258 It's one area, 517 00:25:16.298 --> 00:25:18.466 and we see many other companies that use it. 518 00:25:19.466 --> 00:25:23.004 Turbopumpers is also an area where the technology works very well. 519 00:25:24.741 --> 00:25:28.490 When it comes to satellites and that type of applications, 520 00:25:28.650 --> 00:25:31.817 it's more like brackets to attach things. 521 00:25:32.098 --> 00:25:34.238 It can take away a lot of weight. 522 00:25:34.578 --> 00:25:39.258 It can also be cooling channels or cooling functions that you want to achieve. 523 00:25:39.378 --> 00:25:43.198 It works a little differently on things that go up in space, 524 00:25:43.358 --> 00:25:48.578 that you don't have any active cooling in the way that we have with liquids and such on Earth. 525 00:25:49.593 --> 00:25:50.695 Still, 526 00:25:50.836 --> 00:25:56.289 Freeforms can create these volumes and make sure that they are as effective as possible, 527 00:25:56.510 --> 00:26:02.748 which then really helps to transport heat or cooling in the direction you want. 528 00:26:03.671 --> 00:26:04.674 In manufacturing, 529 00:26:04.875 --> 00:26:12.901 what is the difference between making a part of a rocket engine in 3D compared to when you made it earlier in a traditional way? 530 00:26:14.371 --> 00:26:20.439 I think the two very interesting aspects of it are the lead time, 531 00:26:20.479 --> 00:26:22.902 that you can get it out very quickly, 532 00:26:22.902 --> 00:26:29.290 but also that you consolidate a lot of individual details to an object. 533 00:26:30.225 --> 00:26:37.682 And it reduces the number of potential error sources and it also makes it possible to get the details out much faster. 534 00:26:38.364 --> 00:26:45.142 So you can go from maybe a hundred loose components to one single object that you get out on. 535 00:26:45.802 --> 00:26:46.124 And of course, 536 00:26:46.124 --> 00:26:49.059 if you print a larger rocket nozzle or something, 537 00:26:49.059 --> 00:26:49.722 we might talk about... 538 00:26:50.826 --> 00:26:50.946 Ja, 539 00:26:51.247 --> 00:26:52.391 en veckas sprintning. 540 00:26:52.592 --> 00:26:55.662 Men en vecka versus nio månaders tillverkning. 541 00:26:56.142 --> 00:27:00.302 Och jag menar att time to market är extremt viktigt även i rymdbranschen idag. 542 00:27:00.722 --> 00:27:07.562 För det finns en sån otroligt stor backlog på saker som ska upp i form av satelliter och annat. 543 00:27:07.964 --> 00:27:09.552 Det blev man ju nyfiken på. 544 00:27:09.552 --> 00:27:11.542 Vi säger tidigare att bygga den här... 545 00:27:12.142 --> 00:27:17.582 Vi tar raketen för den är ett bra exempel som tidigare bestod av kanske hundratals delar. 546 00:27:18.507 --> 00:27:21.402 Det är ju ett ganska komplext bygge med någonting som har det. 547 00:27:21.502 --> 00:27:25.642 Hur kollar man att den är exakt som den ska inuti? 548 00:27:25.802 --> 00:27:27.962 Eftersom du kan ju inte se i den då såklart. 549 00:27:28.222 --> 00:27:29.802 Det är ingenting du bygger ihop efterhand. 550 00:27:30.142 --> 00:27:31.762 Så hur går själva den testen till? 551 00:27:32.142 --> 00:27:35.462 Så en process som vi har använt är 3D-röntgen. 552 00:27:35.762 --> 00:27:38.402 Du ställer objektet på ett roterande bord. 553 00:27:39.162 --> 00:27:40.972 Och sen så roterar det 554 00:27:41.556 --> 00:27:42.642 360 grader. 555 00:27:42.823 --> 00:27:47.122 Och så tar röntgenmaskinen massor med tvådimensionella bilder. 556 00:27:47.822 --> 00:27:52.838 som då byggs ihop till en tredimensionell fil där du ser inuti materialet. 557 00:27:53.038 --> 00:28:00.624 Så har du invändiga kanaler och du har andra saker så kan du zooma runt på datorn och titta in och se. 558 00:28:00.945 --> 00:28:02.291 Du kan leta efter porer, 559 00:28:02.332 --> 00:28:03.738 du kan leta efter sprickor. 560 00:28:04.838 --> 00:28:07.354 Men sen lite beroende på vad det är du tittar efter om du... 561 00:28:08.485 --> 00:28:14.942 Ska jag kolla traditionella svetsar och sådana saker då gör du kanske någon form av ultraljud eller så och tittar på det. 562 00:28:15.404 --> 00:28:20.822 Det är lite svårare på 3D-printade objekt framförallt då när du har flera väggar. 563 00:28:21.262 --> 00:28:21.901 Det vill säga du har kanske... 564 00:28:24.529 --> 00:28:34.957 kanaler som går om vartannat och så vidare och kunna gå in och titta på det här på ett bra sätt och förstå vad det är man tittar på för du tappar lite upplösning och sådana saker varje gång du penetrerar någon ny vägg. 565 00:28:35.798 --> 00:28:46.358 Så det gör att man behöver verkligen förstå hur man ska analysera datan också och då är det viktigt att jobba med någon som verkligen kan själva röntgensidan. 566 00:28:50.813 --> 00:28:51.696 Hur går det till? 567 00:28:51.956 --> 00:28:53.482 Hur funkar själva 568 00:28:54.224 --> 00:29:02.006 3D-printingen? Den typen av 3D-printing som vi håller på med fungerar så att du sprider ut ett tunt lager med metallpulver. 569 00:29:02.306 --> 00:29:05.006 Så ett jämnt tunt lager över en byggplatta. 570 00:29:05.566 --> 00:29:15.406 Och sen så kommer en fiberlaser ner också och smälter exakt den tvådimensionella delen av det tredimensionella objektet som du har gjort. 571 00:29:15.526 --> 00:29:18.826 Egentligen slarvigt sagt så kan man säga att du tar en CAD-modell. 572 00:29:19.171 --> 00:29:26.530 och du matar in den i maskinen uppdelad i två dimensionella tunna lager. 573 00:29:27.130 --> 00:29:33.410 Och det blir egentligen de här två dimensionella lagren som bygger upp det tredimensionella objektet. 574 00:29:33.530 --> 00:29:38.648 Så om man tänker sig att det du ser på datorskärmen som 575 00:29:38.989 --> 00:29:46.230 3D, där tar maskinen och delar upp i 2D och sen så printas varje sådant tvådimensionellt lager. 576 00:29:46.492 --> 00:29:48.630 Och i slutändan så har alla de här... 577 00:29:49.096 --> 00:29:53.794 Tvådimensionella ytorna skapat det tredimensionella objektet. 578 00:29:55.215 --> 00:29:57.765 Det är egentligen grundprincipen för alla industriella 579 00:29:58.669 --> 00:30:03.762 3D-printingsprocesser. Just det att där du utgår från ett tredimensionellt objekt, 580 00:30:04.043 --> 00:30:09.094 du slajsar det i tvådimensionella lager och maskinen bygger det lager för lager. 581 00:30:09.494 --> 00:30:13.134 Det är egentligen definitionen för industriell 3D-printing. 582 00:30:16.446 --> 00:30:18.434 Det är som sagt beroende på... 583 00:30:18.496 --> 00:30:25.609 Vad det är för material beroende på hur stort objektet är så pratar vi alltså i den processen som vi jobbar med 584 00:30:26.190 --> 00:30:28.034 3D-printing i alltifrån. 585 00:30:28.753 --> 00:30:34.350 3-4 timmar till kanske 200 timmar beroende på storlek och komplexitet. 586 00:30:34.630 --> 00:30:38.070 Det är det som styr själva printtiden. 587 00:30:39.193 --> 00:30:41.905 Men de efterföljande stegen med värmebehandling, 588 00:30:41.945 --> 00:30:42.327 skärande, 589 00:30:42.367 --> 00:30:45.830 bearbetning det är ju en tid i det också. 590 00:30:46.811 --> 00:30:51.030 Pratar vi total ledtid och får fram en produkt så är det väldigt produktspecifikt. 591 00:30:51.572 --> 00:30:56.150 Men vi brukar säga någonstans mellan 3-6 veckor beroende på komplexitet. 592 00:30:57.132 --> 00:30:59.910 Då för att förklara detta för mig själv och den som lyssnar. 593 00:31:00.070 --> 00:31:05.990 Ungefär som vi säger att vi tar ett äpple och skivar det och lägger det som boksidor uppe på varandra. 594 00:31:06.670 --> 00:31:09.990 Hur många lager skulle då ett äpple innehålla? 595 00:31:10.211 --> 00:31:13.330 Hur tunna är de här tvådimensionella lagerna som ni lägger på varandra? 596 00:31:13.653 --> 00:31:15.350 Så beroende på lite grann. 597 00:31:16.191 --> 00:31:21.950 Vi bygger lager som är mellan 30 till 120 mikron. 598 00:31:22.330 --> 00:31:25.850 Så en hundradel millimeter i princip. 599 00:31:26.463 --> 00:31:26.648 Och... 600 00:31:27.494 --> 00:31:38.970 Om du då tänker dig ett äpple och så delar du det i nästan en hundradels eller en tiondels millimeters tjocka lager så blir det ganska många lager av det här äpplet. 601 00:31:39.211 --> 00:31:46.190 Så ett objekt som är stort som ett äpple så pratar vi kanske 2000 lager i och ta beroende på äpplet. 602 00:31:47.514 --> 00:31:49.570 Så det är väldigt tunna lager. 603 00:31:50.456 --> 00:31:51.040 Och som sagt, 604 00:31:51.563 --> 00:31:52.207 ska man bygga... 605 00:31:53.029 --> 00:31:53.631 Väldigt höga, 606 00:31:53.752 --> 00:31:55.017 eller väldigt höga objekt, 607 00:31:55.017 --> 00:31:57.768 nu ska man ju sätta det i paritet till den processen vi jobbar med. 608 00:31:57.888 --> 00:32:04.288 När vi pratar väldigt höga objekt så är vi någonstans kanske en meter eller någon halv meter höga. 609 00:32:04.708 --> 00:32:09.448 Det är så stort som det går att bygga idag på något vettigt sätt. 610 00:32:10.088 --> 00:32:13.668 Och då är det bara att räkna baklänges på det att det blir ganska många lager. 611 00:32:14.605 --> 00:32:18.240 Vilka svårigheter har ni om man bygger för rymden? 612 00:32:18.541 --> 00:32:20.720 Vad är de stora utmaningarna där? 613 00:32:21.561 --> 00:32:26.660 Det är ju framförallt att leva upp till de specifika kraven som finns för rymden. 614 00:32:28.222 --> 00:32:33.360 Vi måste kunna bevisa vilken reflektivitet och absorption vi har i materialen. 615 00:32:33.540 --> 00:32:35.608 Vilket är någonting som normalt sett, 616 00:32:36.612 --> 00:32:38.860 det är inga kunder som efterfrågar det. 617 00:32:40.043 --> 00:32:41.796 Så fort det är ett nytt material och... 618 00:32:43.195 --> 00:32:49.232 För att göra ny design kring det här materialet så behöver vi titta på sådana saker och göra mycket specifik provning. 619 00:32:49.672 --> 00:33:00.152 Så det är alltså att mot de här specifika rymdekraven så behöver vi hela tiden bevisa att det här materialet eller den här produkten lever verkligen upp till det. 620 00:33:00.964 --> 00:33:03.231 Och då behöver vi ibland, 621 00:33:04.335 --> 00:33:04.836 som sagt, 622 00:33:05.498 --> 00:33:07.324 nu ska vi ha en ny typ av utbehandling. 623 00:33:07.404 --> 00:33:09.344 Då får vi faktiskt göra några tester med det. 624 00:33:09.584 --> 00:33:11.048 Och sen så kanske skära upp, 625 00:33:11.168 --> 00:33:12.291 titta på detaljen, 626 00:33:12.571 --> 00:33:12.812 göra 627 00:33:13.233 --> 00:33:17.644 3D-röntgen, förstå insidan utan att behöva ta sönder objektet. 628 00:33:18.085 --> 00:33:19.026 Och faktiskt kunna, 629 00:33:19.868 --> 00:33:22.914 med hjälp av all den här datan som vi genererar, 630 00:33:22.954 --> 00:33:27.784 med alla bilder som vi har på de tvådimensionella lagren i maskinen, 631 00:33:28.418 --> 00:33:29.665 materialprovning, 632 00:33:29.886 --> 00:33:30.992 ytbehandlingsprover, 633 00:33:31.492 --> 00:33:36.332 faktiskt bygga ihop en färdig datafil som säger att 634 00:33:37.533 --> 00:33:41.281 Och enligt de här kraven som finns så kan vi visa från 635 00:33:41.943 --> 00:33:46.172 A till Ö att produkten faktiskt lever upp till de kraven. 636 00:33:46.613 --> 00:33:48.372 Vad kostar en 3D-printad grej? 637 00:33:49.173 --> 00:33:49.294 Ja, 638 00:33:49.335 --> 00:33:50.732 det är ju väldigt olika. 639 00:33:51.412 --> 00:33:51.913 För det är ju, 640 00:33:52.695 --> 00:33:53.076 jag menar, 641 00:33:53.397 --> 00:33:59.092 tittar vi oftast bara på kostnaden för att printa objektet så är det inte alltid att det är det största. 642 00:33:59.493 --> 00:34:04.372 Utan det kan vara efterföljande provning eller väldigt komplex skärande bearbetning. 643 00:34:06.206 --> 00:34:06.549 Men... 644 00:34:08.698 --> 00:34:11.492 Liksom i snitt säga att vi skulle printa ditt äpple 645 00:34:11.914 --> 00:34:14.912 Och bara kostnaden för att printa ditt äpple i aluminium 646 00:34:15.898 --> 00:34:17.952 Skulle kanske vara ett äpple då för 647 00:34:18.354 --> 00:34:18.878 Någonstans 648 00:34:19.583 --> 00:34:20.871 4-5 tusen 649 00:34:21.605 --> 00:34:21.952 I och ta 650 00:34:22.690 --> 00:34:23.857 Det var inte så farligt tycker jag. 651 00:34:23.857 --> 00:34:25.568 Men då testar ni inte det till mig att det håller. 652 00:34:26.370 --> 00:34:26.571 Nej, 653 00:34:27.518 --> 00:34:28.948 då får det äpplet vara som det är. 654 00:34:35.749 --> 00:34:35.869 Ja, 655 00:34:36.211 --> 00:34:40.368 för 4-5 tusen så kan jag absolut låta äpplet vara som det är. 656 00:34:41.009 --> 00:34:42.816 Som ni förstår så är det inte själva 657 00:34:43.318 --> 00:34:45.868 3D-printingen i sig som kostar supermycket. 658 00:34:46.468 --> 00:34:51.348 Även om kanske 5 tusen för ett aluminiumäpple är mer än vad jag hade betalat. 659 00:34:52.001 --> 00:34:52.308 Alltså... 660 00:34:52.430 --> 00:34:57.748 Det är på testningen och kontrollen efteråt att allt funkar som det ska. 661 00:34:58.308 --> 00:35:00.648 Det är där den stora kostnaden ligger. 662 00:35:01.929 --> 00:35:09.508 Ett arbetssätt som gör att en raketmotordel tar en vecka att tillverka istället för flera månader. 663 00:35:10.028 --> 00:35:13.627 Det sparar en massa pengar testningen till trots. 664 00:35:14.108 --> 00:35:15.648 För att inte prata om tiden då. 665 00:35:16.128 --> 00:35:20.108 Den här tekniken tar oss garanterat snabbare ut i omloppsbana. 666 00:35:20.651 --> 00:35:22.888 Till månen och vidare mot Mars. 667 00:35:23.208 --> 00:35:23.328 Ja, 668 00:35:24.030 --> 00:35:31.448 och just den här raketmotorn som man printar på Amexi är för den svenska rakettillverkaren Python Space. 669 00:35:32.108 --> 00:35:35.248 De kan du höra mer om i tidigare avsnitt av den här serien. 670 00:35:35.788 --> 00:35:38.908 Och snart så kommer vi att prata mer med dem om hur det går. 671 00:35:39.408 --> 00:35:39.529 Ja, 672 00:35:40.334 --> 00:35:42.568 de började sin tillverkning i USA. 673 00:35:43.390 --> 00:35:49.288 Men sedan början av det här året har de också en anläggning för rakettillverkning i Nackastrand här i Stockholm. 674 00:35:50.109 --> 00:35:50.972 Så snart, 675 00:35:51.112 --> 00:35:51.453 snart, 676 00:35:51.653 --> 00:35:57.368 snart har vi förhoppningsvis en svensk raket tillverkad i Sverige att skjuta upp i omdomsbana. 677 00:35:57.808 --> 00:35:59.328 Förslagsvis från S-Range. 678 00:35:59.828 --> 00:36:00.070 Ja, 679 00:36:00.151 --> 00:36:02.528 det låter som ljuvmusik i mina öron. 680 00:36:03.409 --> 00:36:05.448 Precis som den vi hör h��r i bakgrunden. 681 00:36:05.968 --> 00:36:07.548 Den är skriven av Armin Pennek. 682 00:36:07.948 --> 00:36:09.128 Jag heter Marcus Pettersson. 683 00:36:09.528 --> 00:36:11.108 Jag heter Susanna Levenhaupt. 684 00:36:11.449 --> 00:36:12.312 Har vi åkt till Marsen? 685 00:36:12.614 --> 00:36:16.408 Görs på Beppo av Rundfunk Media i samarbete med SAD.